Orange PLCs Organizational Culture and Structure

Introduction: The Orange PLC Company Orange PLC Company is one of the most profitable international companies in the global PC business arena. The company has its headquarters in New York. The New York branch has 250 employees in the three departments of production, marketing, human resource management.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Orange PLC’s Organizational Culture and Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to survive and control a sizeable share of the global PC industry, Orange PLC Company has endeavored to remain competitive through an organized structure and culture. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly review organizational structure, restructure and culture of the Orange PLC Company located in the United States of America. Orange PLC’s Organization Structure Organization structure refers to systems and channels that control the scope of operations in an orga nization. The organization structure offers an explicit overview of the general operation of a company within efficiency levels (Sylvia Stanley 2008). Work Specialization Knowing how to improve quality is crucial in the growth of a business enterprise. Improved quality has great reward to the Orange PLC Company. Since the production team is permanently employed in the company, they are engaged in the production process to ensure that the company optimizes labor as a factor of production towards efficiency. This is achieved through quality planning of the labor hours of the employees that relate to their specialization, rather than just keeping them on standby (Sylvia Stanley 2008). Besides, the marketing team is constantly trained on the latest marketing models to ensure that they give their best in online and offline marketing of the company’s products. The HRM team has specialized training on efficient performance among the employees to minimize redundancy. Quality planni ng of work specialization is an important policy that aims to promote long term success in business objectives since it is focused to enhance the effective exploitation of human resources (Sylvia Stanley 2008).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chain of Command The Orange PLC Company has demonstrated that there exists a complex network behind its formal organizational chart. The teamwork-based organization structure actually identifies the hierarchy of the organization structure in order to understand the complex network. In addition, it provides myriad illustrations of the persuasive importance of problem definition within communication contemporary context. Also, the strategies of investigation, ramification, and elements of the problem definition are addressed in its chain of command. The current organization structure of the Orange PLC Company is characterized by a strea mlined chain of bureaucracy in the chain of command. The top bracket in the chain of command consists of the five company board of directors who report to the chairman of the company. Under the board of directors are the departmental managers in the three departments of production, marketing, and human resource management. Team supervisors below the departmental managers report directly to managers and are the bridge between employees and the managers. The ordinary employees are grouped into team units consisting of four employees within the same area of specialization. Thus, whenever there is need to communicate an issue to the chairperson, the team cells will pass the information to the supervisors. The hierarchal procedure will be repeated until the chairperson gets the information. For the self-motivated people, this approach allow them to do more spectacular things as a team and not as human machines (Sylvia Stanley 2008). Span of Control Other factors associated with inhibiti ng learning in organizations are inappropriate organizational structures, work pressure, entrenched attitudes towards learning, and emphasis on meeting targets (Douglas 2000). Fear and resistance to change in organizations that are characterized by high levels of bureaucracy and inter-functional rivalry are the main reasons that impede learning in such organizations. Fortunately, since every employee in the Orange PLC Company is his or her own boss, the cultural structure of the company has spurred a continuous growth in the competitive market. Related to changes in organizational structure are the variations in job design and new structures which provide the employees with an opportunity within the work activities. Moreover, the Orange PLC organization exhibits flexibility in its organizational structure that enables jobs to be redesigned thus, facilitating work based innovations.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Orange PLC’s Organizational Culture and Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Centralization Orange PLC Company has created a healthy work environment and personal growth perspectives that apply to all situations since all the vital controls organs of the company are centralized. Through centralized and properly designed training procedures, talent promotion, and motivation, productive behavior internalization have presented the best alternative ways of solving problems in role execution. Unless employees take a positive attitude to embrace change and create an environment that motivated the change, quantifiable change may just be a dream (Douglas 2000). Formalization The Orange PLC institution is made up of formal systems of monitoring operations, reviewing performance and rewarding achievements. Employees’ behaviors in the company are influenced by the mutual interests that exist between the company and its workers. This mutual interest offers superordinate o bjective, which can be achieved only through combined determination of the organization (employer) and individual workers in a formalized production control system. Restructuring at the Orange PLC Company Restructuring in an organization refers to the strategies adopted by an organization to introduce an element of change that is meant to improve on the performance of that organization. Restructuring is necessary whenever redundancy becomes the norm of organization performance (Douglas 2000). The Orange PLC Company has restructured to introduce innovation department in the last two years to properly monitor and manage the logistics and challenges that might exist in the transit channels of product improvement. Specifically, restructuring of the production department was necessary in achieving the company’s goal of being the innovation leader in America. The innovative structure was critical in improving leadership skills, evaluation skills, and promoting creativity within the production department.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, job performance has greatly improved since the attractive rewards for innovation have become a motivational engine among the employees. Orange PLC’s Organization Culture Organizational culture is a manner in which people in a company operate both unconsciously and consciously on their daily activities (Flamholtz Randle 2011). Through understanding the organizational culture, the Orange PLC institution can understand the culture that prevails, drives and supports essential programs within its workforce to accomplish the strategic objectives. Physical structure The physical structures of the Orange PLC’s organization culture promote positive relationships between favorable and effective job performance and work environment as attributes of motivation and congenial conditions. The structure encourages security, comfort and safety, and prevailing physical convenience. Measuring factors such as interpersonal relations, working conditions, support and trust, we lfare provisions, and work environment have greatly contributed to the organizational effectiveness as well as good employees’ behavior at the Orange PLC. Symbols The Orange PLC Company has identified that the key driver of productivity is employees’ morale. It is revealed that engaged and productive workers are more likely to be creative and interested in their work commitments. Satisfied workers are more eager to create positive results in their work. This element has been embedded in the company unity of purpose symbol designed to create the culture of efficiency and support among the employees. Ceremonies, language and rituals With the need to establish a proactive organizational culture, the Orange PLC Company has developed a discursive approach in explaining and exploring shared and coordinated actions on roles and channels through which organizational framework functions in the exchange of information formally. This is of great essence towards understanding its organizational communication. Employees are also allowed to contribute their viewpoints regarding the daily management and operation of the organization. In order for the productivity quotient to become an effective tool, it is appropriate to ensure that workers and the management team both understand the collective perspective of the institution (Douglas 2000). The managers play a significant role in setting up the learning environment for their employees. This culture has created an ideal climate for innovation and communication among the employees. The proactive communication and teamwork culture at the Orange PLC Company spells the rules of engagement, expected behavior, and repercussions for misconduct. These rules appreciate diversity and uphold integrity in judgment. In the process, issues of prejudice are minimized as diversity develops into a positive aspect of the organization (Flamholtz Randle 2011). Consequently, when people are absorbed and made to feel part of these g oals, they would strive to give their best towards the organization and uphold the existing culture with minimal struggle. References Douglas, R. (2000). Does corporate culture contribute to performance? American international college journal of business, 4(1), 45-47. Flamholtz, E., Randle, Y. (2011). Corporate culture: the ultimate strategic asset. Stanford, UK: Stanford business Books. Sylvia, F., Stanley, K. (2008). Creating competitive advantage through intangible assets: The direct and indirect effects of corporate culture and reputation. Advances in competitiveness research, 16(2), 34-38. This report on Orange PLC’s Organizational Culture and Structure was written and submitted by user Barbara Berry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Witchcraft

Witchcraft, term for the principal means by which humans have been thought to work magic, that is, to bring about practical changes by their own will and employing supernatural means. Witchcraft needs to be distinguished from religion, in which humans are totally dependent upon divine beings to grant their wishes, and sorcery, in which supernatural skills are acquired by a process of study, usually involving books and apprenticeship to a master. Most human societies have believed in witchcraft, and indeed the modern Western societies are unusual in their refusal to do so. Traditionally, people have treated witchcraft in two very different ways. On the one hand they have resorted to specialists in it for their benefit: to be freed from suffering, to injure enemies, or to obtain what they desire. On the other, they have blamed it for their own misfortunes, and set out to identify and punish the witch responsible for using the power against them. Most societies, also, have had a well-developed idea of what a witch should be like; They are most often thought of as ugly old women, though references to beautiful young female witches exist. In Europe witches are portrayed as thin and gaunt, much like the Wicked Witch of the West as she appears in the Oz story with her black robe and conical hat. In Central Africa witches are thought of as fat from eating human flesh. In Europe they fly around on broomsticks, a popular Halloween depiction. In Central Africa they travel in saucer-shaped baskets. They often employ animals as assistants in their evil deeds. The witch of Oz had flying monkeys. In Europe they use cats, dogs, or weasels; in Japan, hyenas or owls; in Africa, baboons. Some witches even turn into animal forms. Witches are believed to use supernatural powers, in the form of magic, for evil purposes. Witches are usually regarded as possessed of evil spirits or under the guidance of some undetermined compulsion. . Many have believed in... Free Essays on Witchcraft Free Essays on Witchcraft Witchcraft, term for the principal means by which humans have been thought to work magic, that is, to bring about practical changes by their own will and employing supernatural means. Witchcraft needs to be distinguished from religion, in which humans are totally dependent upon divine beings to grant their wishes, and sorcery, in which supernatural skills are acquired by a process of study, usually involving books and apprenticeship to a master. Most human societies have believed in witchcraft, and indeed the modern Western societies are unusual in their refusal to do so. Traditionally, people have treated witchcraft in two very different ways. On the one hand they have resorted to specialists in it for their benefit: to be freed from suffering, to injure enemies, or to obtain what they desire. On the other, they have blamed it for their own misfortunes, and set out to identify and punish the witch responsible for using the power against them. Most societies, also, have had a well-developed idea of what a witch should be like; They are most often thought of as ugly old women, though references to beautiful young female witches exist. In Europe witches are portrayed as thin and gaunt, much like the Wicked Witch of the West as she appears in the Oz story with her black robe and conical hat. In Central Africa witches are thought of as fat from eating human flesh. In Europe they fly around on broomsticks, a popular Halloween depiction. In Central Africa they travel in saucer-shaped baskets. They often employ animals as assistants in their evil deeds. The witch of Oz had flying monkeys. In Europe they use cats, dogs, or weasels; in Japan, hyenas or owls; in Africa, baboons. Some witches even turn into animal forms. Witches are believed to use supernatural powers, in the form of magic, for evil purposes. Witches are usually regarded as possessed of evil spirits or under the guidance of some undetermined compulsion. . Many have believed in... Free Essays on Witchcraft I am a witch, now please kill me! Many innocent women happily welcomed death by confessing to witchcraft in order to end their excruciating torture during the witch hunt craze between 1450 and 1750. Since many records were lost, destroyed or never kept, the best estimation of the total deaths is several million (4). The main cause of the witch hunts was the Church inflicting fear upon the common and educated man by lying to them about what witches do and who they are. The Church also directly and indirectly increased the pain that accused women would go through during their torture. The Church made it clear, to all those who would listen, that all women were evil and capable of witchcraft. â€Å"The Bible’s Apocrypha states, ‘Of woman came the beginning of sin / And thanks to her, we all must die.’(Apocrypha, Ecclesiasticus 25:13-26.)† (2). Vicious comments like this caused even women themselves to fear what other women may do. This fear only lead to the di strust of woman. A book written by two German men, titled Malleus Maleficarum, â€Å"The Hammer of Witches†, only furthered peoples fear of women’s evil. It states that women are more likely to become witches: â€Å"‘Because the female sex is more concerned with things of the flesh then men; because being formed from a man’s rib, they are only ‘imperfect animals’ and ‘crooked’ where as man belongs to a privileged sex from whose midst Christ emerged.’(Malleus Maleficarum, 1486)†(2). The men that wrote Malleus Maleficarum refer to the bible for reasons to why they consider women evil, so if the Church had never incorporated such things into the bible such things may have never been thought. Many ancient myths portrayed goddess’s as evil. Consequently those images of evil were kept and later attached to witches who kept goddess worship alive centuries later (4). Even devotion to the Virgin Mary (who is the biolog ical mother of Jesus) was considered an indication of e...

A Summary Of Utilitarianism Philosophy Essay

A Summary Of Utilitarianism Philosophy Essay Utilitarianism, also known as the â€Å"English common sense philosophy† dominated the Western world during most of the nineteenth century. Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the seed of right and wrong solely on the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies, hence also sometimes referred to as â€Å"the Consequentialism†. The history of this theory dates back to its true pioneer Jeremy Bentham ( 1748-1832) who gave rise to a new concept in hedonism: The Social Hedonism which was quite different from the Hedonistic doctrines of Aristipppus and Epicurus who are considered to be the fathers of Hedonistic school of thought. Bentham ; the common-sense British thinker is largely held responsible for the shift from † egoistic (individualistic) hedonism to the Universalistic( social ) hedonism. He declared in his book † Introduction to the Principles and morals and Legislation† that all mankind is ruled by two basic masters; namely PAIN and PLEASURE and that all human race is busy in the so-called rat-race of the pursuit of pleasure and the disapproval of pain.He also asserts that good can be equated with pleasure and evil with pain. Here comes in the big question that† How should pleasures be graded as far as preference is concerned?† Whether one should go for ‘short-term and intense’ pleasures or ‘ long-term and mild pleasure’ take precedence over the former. He therefore came up with a detailed outline of principles regarding the preferences of pleasures in his â€Å"Hedonic Calculus†. According to Bentham’s calculus, he emphasized the significance of seven â€Å"circumstances† in order to determine the value of any action, hence presented a criteria for the preference of pleasures influenced by following major factors: Intensity: of the pleasure or pain that results Duration: of either of the two Certainity: The confirmation that pleasant event will be occurring. Promptness : The nearness of the pleasant event. Fecundity: Its ability to reproduce( lead to) more pleasure. Purity: freedom from either present or future. Extent: characterized by the number of people affected by the action John Stuart Mill(1806-1873) adjusted the more hedonistic tendencies in Bentham’s philosophy by emphasizing that it is not infact the quantity of pleasure, but the quality of happiness that is central to utilitarianism. He further argued that pleasure couldn’t be quantified as stated by Bentham and can only be measured in terms of quality only. Mill advocates his rationality of ideas in the following famous words: â€Å"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better Socrates disstatisfied than a fool satisfied† The implification of this advancement by Mill lead to a belief that the calculus is unreasonable — (there is a distinction between ‘higherâ⠂¬â„¢ and ‘lower’ pleasures). According to Mill, utilitarianism now refers to â€Å"the Greatest Happiness Principle† – GHP. it seeks to promote the capability of achieving happiness (higher pleasures) for the maximum number of people. The Maxim holds as such: † Greatest happiness for the greater number† Act and Rule Utilitarianism The principle of utility can either either be applied to PARTICULAR ACTIONS or GENERAL RULES. The former is called â€Å"act-utilitarianism† and the latter is called â€Å"rule-utilitarianism.†

The Gendered Landscape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Gendered Landscape - Essay Example He is also believed to be frequently watching over us, the sand in his hourglass slowly decreasing as it slips through the hand of time. No wonder the saying â€Å"time wasted will not be recovered†. Him being elderly and having white beard symbolizes flow of time and its effect. His scythe show that time cuts down all things; it is a symbol of harvest, death or end of existence. For example, the end of the year (Petre, 2005). The green man is normally related to natural vegetative divine beings and is often interpreted as a figure of rebirth. Green man is a symbol of nature spirit of man dependence on and in union with nature. It may interpret to embrace negative and positive attributes of colour green as green colour may signify a young man with natural vitality and love. On the other hand, the green man can signify hostility and death. Some people say that the green man appears whenever there is a requirement to protect the environment. It is a blend that compromise between a pagan and Christian doctrine. It is seen in churches as a decorative feature and it is also a pagan spirit associates with nature (Anderson & Hicks, 1998). The Cyborg is a machine that characterizes the human being. Science fiction has included the Cyborg into human culture. The Cyborg is as a result of merging of technology and human form. It is evident that those archetypes of green man and the Cyborg signify the wish for human transformation. In my view, there is a need to embrace the Cyborg because technology will soon outshine normal human capability. Gender fits perfectly into this discussion in that the facets of green man and the Cyborg clearly are male and female respectively. This is because green man poses the characters of strength and love while the Cyborg poses the nature of nurturing. Piccinini is an artist who gets her inspiration from real life genetically modified organisms and

Develop a sense of the importance of integrity and ethics in small Essay

Develop a sense of the importance of integrity and ethics in small business ownership - Essay Example This paper will discuss the importance of ethics and integrity in small business enterprises. Research asserts that small-business investors substantially rely on ethical codes in the business setting. For example, the aspect of ethics in matters regarding finance should not be overlooked. This is because such businesses rely on accounting ethics. In case the business owners are not conscious about financial recordkeeping practices, then, they are likely to face tremendous challenges. In addition, they are exposed to risks related to fraud if they do not uphold ethics and integrity in the business (Petryni, 2008). Recently, some of the small businesses have implemented the code of ethics which is normally entailed in the policies of the organization. This code of ethics is normally a statement of values which defines the organization. In most cases, the code of ethics usually addresses issues related to conflict of interest, competition data, assets of the company and employee practices. Furthermore, integrity also forms a crucial part in business since; lack of integrity in the organization leads to poor development of the firm (Longenecker, Petty, Palich, & Hoy, 2012). Contrarily, there are some businesses which do not uphold the integrity and the code of ethics. In such cases, the business is said to run under unethical practices. There are several unethical practices that are practiced in most of the small businesses. One of the most prominent unethical practices is the lack of compassion. According to empirical studies, most of the workers in small business firms are usually exposed to unethical treatment (Longenecker, Petty, Palich, & Hoy, 2012). For example, most small companies offer medical covers for its employees especially if the company operates in risky circumstances. In case an employee is injured while in the line of duty, he or she must be

Japanese Management System Essay Example for Free

Japanese Management System Essay Management Styles Corporation management is necessary for an institution to survive during times of change as it is the role of management to provide a plan of action, leadership and delegation of authority. Management structure ensures growth will be maintained for the organization and that the corporation will continue to function. Multiple styles of management are determined by who has the responsibility for the delegation of responsibility for decision-making as well as the degree of participation in the decision-making processes across the company. In general, management systems appear to be impacted upon by the aims of the corporation, the magnitude of the organization and the cultural context the organization operates within (Kim, pp. 538-39). Optimal management style is essential to a corporation as the style used will determine how the institutions processes are organized, as well as how efficiently employees will work cooperatively or in competition with each other. Work experiences such as employee cooperation, corporation leadership and employee loyalty to the company will be dependant on the style of management used by the corporation. As such, it is important for different nations to develop human resource management practices that reflect their local circumstances and socio-cultural, political and economic situations. For example, some Asian nations such as South Korea, Taiwan and Japan have adopted a HRM strategy that is grounded in Confucian values of respect for the family foremost, and an emphasis on obligations to the collective (Rowden, pp. 163-64). Japanese Management System Japan is a democratic nation and has a highly refined and formalized culture that is in many ways restrained. The work ethics of Japanese business appears to focus dealing with work pressures in ways that are remarkably different to those of western industries. This is due to the lifetime socialization of Japanese citizens to think in terms of the collective, and behaviours that resemble individualism are highly discouraged. One way to ensure that its people conform to the practice of â€Å"maintaining face† is by the use of ostracism to disengage the non-conforming individualist from the group. Hence, team work and cooperative practices are very salient within the Japanese society. Especially, employees work with a high commitment to their organization, and also display a commitment to the economic welfare of their nation. The Japanese legal system maintains the labour standards that currently exist, a principle one being lifetime employment. Although some employees would prefer a different system to lifetime employment, the ingrained cultural management means that the practice is likely to remain. In fact the government and industry work together most cooperatively. The overall aim of the nation and its industries appears to be steady and continuous growth rather than a focus on profits, shareholder interests are secondary, and investors appear to be content with making minimal profits as long as growth is the focus. The form of management appears to be quite paternal and authoritarian (Mroczkowski, pp. 21-22). Japan tends to be very authoritarian in management style, and so there is little dispersion of power sharing across the company. Redundancy does not seem to be a concern for employees, as lifetime employment ensures that they are receiving a wage at home or they are relegated to another part of the company. As part of lifetime employment the homes of employees may likely be owned by the corporation that they work for. Employees tend to go on leisure trips as a group. Many areas of employee’s lives are influenced by the corporation that they work with. This is one of the ways conformity is expected. There is an emphasis on a team-oriented approach to corporate running. This incorporates Common and consistent goals, Organizational commitment, Role clarity among team members, Team leadership, Mutual accountability with the team, Complementary knowledge and skills, Reinforcement of required behavioural competencies and shared rewards. It s expected that such approaches fulfil the familial and community need that there is a gap present in today’s society, and so the company can fulfil a basic human need. Kaizen   The Japanese style of management is clearly characteristic of its collectivist cultural background. Foremost, the most prominent characteristic of the Japanese corporation is that it is family like in quality. As such, the Japanese corporation can be described as an â€Å"entity† firm, in contrast to a â€Å"property† firm. As an entity, the corporation functions as an institution in that it is maintained across time and has an identity of its own, that is separate and non-dependant on the employees and managers who work within it. This system of corporate governance has existed by way of lifetime employment, seniority of wages and promotion, as well as enterprise-based unions. Lifetime employment is characterized by management being primarily of employees who have spent their entire career within the firm. In this way the seniority wage system could be utilized as a promotion process by way of seniority of age and on the job task ability. Performance merit remained and rivalry was highly dependant on ones ability to cooperate with others (Bamber, p. 303).    What Is The Japanese Management System? This segment sketches the chief management practices that are mostly agreed to have applied in Japan until now, at least in large corporations in the manufacturing sector. As we shall notice afterward, the system as illustrated here is currently experiencing significant amendments. Employment and Personnel Practices Amongst many prominent features of the Japanese management structure, one is the lifetime service. The expression is, however, something of a misnomer and is better expressed as enduring employment with a particular firm. In comparison with much western practice, large firms in Japan aim to sign up all their employees, both blue and white collar, directly from the learning system. Regular workers enter the firm at its minor levels and are then projected to keep with it for the rest of their operational lives. Though some movement between firms is bearable, this is generally restricted to immature employees at the start of their profession. Apart from this, there is an indulgent between employer and employee that to depart the firm amounts to a severe contravene of mutual commitment. This system is self-maintaining because large firms hardly ever enlist personnel from other corporations. Once the preliminary exploration phase is over, employees cannot leave without rigorously damaging their profession prospects. To westerners, life span employment seems perplexing, not least because it appears to restrain a firms capability to amend its employment costs in response to varying business surroundings. But the system is underpinned by the use of transitory workers who can be laid off as the need arises. Lifetime service is therefore far from worldwide in Japan, even in large manufacturing companies. Furthermore, women are expelled from the system. Some approximations have indicated that only 40 to 60% of those functioning in large firms and trading houses are covered by lifetime employment (Coad, pp. 314-16). New employees are given exhaustive technical guidance plus a more general orientation into the firms culture covering such subjects as its history and values. Additional training is offered during each step of the employees livelihood, and is anticipated to be taken very sincerely. For example, upgrading to better levels may depend on successful completion of the firms encouragement examinations. Job-rotation is another major trait of Japanese management approach and is not limited to ground levels and carries on all the way through an employees live of business. Besides rewards of job-security, pay and position, Japanese firms offer a broad range of safety benefits. These may consist of financial support with housing and schooling, medicinal facilities, free transportation and social conveniences. Retirement profits are, however, insufficient by western principles. As with life span employment, welfare necessities express the paternalistic relationship among employer and employee, although momentary workers are not permitted to obtain these benefits. They are also disqualified from membership of the organization union.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the Japanese policy to decision-making involves wide communication and discussion. Suggestions for change are disseminated within the organization and intricate attempts are made to secure agreement from the parties that are likely to be influenced. Ideas for enhancement to operating actions are encouraged from underneath and are considered at every stage until an agreement is completed (House, pp. 6-7). Taken collectively, practices such as lifetime service, constant teaching and job-rotation, seniority-based pay and sponsorship, wide-range welfare necessities, and agreement decision-making provide centre employees with employment sanctuary, non-stop upgrading in pay and status over a long period, extensive all-encompassing safety benefits, proficiency development through training, and a grade of contribution in decision-making. In return, employees are predicted to display full commitment to their job and to their company. Japanese Management in Japan The well-known advocates of learning from Japan be predisposed to assume that Japans employment and personnel practices and the Japanese management style were the foremost causes of the success of large firms, and hence of national success. Although Japans economy has been triumphant, its industry has not been uniformly so. Industrial and hi-tech competitiveness is one of the burning current issues in Japan. Japans dominance in manufacturing has been displayed chiefly in the mass-production and high-technology industries. This could signify that firms in less successful industries have not applied the employment and personnel practices of Japanese management in the way that those in flourishing industries have (Grein and Takada, pp. 19-20). But an alternative and more reasonable possibility is that these practices are less important to success than has been assumed. Conclusion Yet, the Japanese management system should not be conceptualized as if it is composed only by practices within firms. Japans system of alliance capitalism comprises commonly supportive networks of industrial and financial firms and relations with government which play a momentous role in the economys operation.   Theorists argued that Japans system is adjusting to new conditions but that its basic model of corporate governance, struggle and employment remains largely intact. So even if the personnel practices practiced by large Japanese firms are uniting with those of the Western States, Japans overall management system looks likely to retain its pre-eminent character. Works Cited Bamber, G. and Leggett, C. (2001), Changing employment relations in the Asia-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pacific Region, International Journal of Management, Vol. 22 No.4, pp. 303. Coad, A.F. (2002), Not everything is black and white for falling dominoes, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, Vol. 21 No.6, pp. 314-16. Grein, A.F. and Takada, H. (2001), Integration and responsiveness: marketing strategies of Japanese and European automobile manufacturers, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 9 No.2, pp.19-20. House, R. (2002), Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project GLOBE, Journal of World Business, Vol. 37 No.1, pp. 6-7. Kim, J. (2000), Perceptions of Japanese organizational culture, Journal of Managerial Culture, Vol. 15 No.6, pp. 538–39. Mroczkowski, T. and Hanaoka, M. (1998), The End of Japanese Management: How Soon? Human Resource Planning, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 21-22. Rowden, R.W. (2002), The strategic role of human resource management in developing a global corporate culture, International Journal of Management, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp.163-164.

Snow of Kilimanjaro Essay -- essays research papers fc

In this story â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro†, the author Ernest Hemingway has basically two main characters, Harry and his wife, Helen. Throughout the story Harry has an infected leg, which seems to be seriously bothering him, it is actually rotting away. The author writes about Harry’s time on the mountain with his wife just waiting for his death. In his story, Ernest Hemingway shows a great deal reality and emotion through his main character Harry, in the books themes, and its symbols. The author’s story is about Harry’s spiritual death as much as his bodily one. From the beginning of the story Harry knew he was dying but knows it with intellectual detachment. In the story Harry says, â€Å"Can’t you let a man die as comfortably as he can without calling him names? What’s the use of slanging me?...Don’t be silly. I’m dying now. Ask those bastards.† (Hemingway, Page 2208 and 2209) Throughout the whole story Harry kind of has this arrogant, cocky dialect, and he is quite rude to his wife. During the story Harry is also lazy and drinks a lot, and at some parts of his life he just lets it waste away. In this quote, the narrator depicts part of Harry â€Å"He had destroyed his talent by not using it, by betrayals of himself and what he believed in, by drinking so much that he blunted the edge of his perceptions, by laziness, by sloth, and by snobbery, by pride and by prejudice, by hook and by crook.†(Hemingway, Pag e 2213) Harry’s talent was that he could do whatever we put his mind to, and he was just lazy and let it slip away. In many modernistic stories the reader usually finds out that the main character is some what alienated from everyone. In this stories case that is true, also. Harry, goes through his own time and just wants to be left alone. He gets sick, and he just wants to give up all hope. It seems like once something goes wrong, or doesn’t go his way he just gives up. He drinks a lot during this story to wash away his troubles and he doesn’t care that his wife claims that it is harmful to his health. All he can say in return is that he is going to die anyways. This is a main part of the story. The symbolism in this story adds to the depth of it. Symbols are used to represent ideas or qualities in a story. â€Å"Only by reading the story ironically, by regarding the symbols of permanence and purity as a mockery of Harry’s unwholesomeness, can one maintain this criti... ...nfluence in his writings is his experiences on great expeditions to Africa.Watts, Emily S. â€Å"Iconography...† Ernest Hemingway and the Arts. Chicago: Illinois P, 1971. 51-95. Watts explains that Hemingway does not write much on the topic of suicide. One might think this would be a large subject in his stories, but he mentions suicide only briefly in one story. Although Harry in The Snows of Kilimanjaro does die, he has little choice in the manner.Works CitedBaker, Carlos. â€Å"The Slopes of Kilimanjaro.† Ernest Hemingway A Life Story. New York: Scribner’s, 1969.Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro.† The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories. New York: Scribner’s, 1970.Nahal, Chaman. â€Å"The Short Stories.† The Narrative Pattern in Ernest Hemingway’s Fiction. Madison: Fairleigh, 1971. Plimpton, George. â€Å"An Interview with Ernest Hemingway.† Hemingway and His Critics. Ed. Carlos Baker. New York: Hill, 1 961. Shuman, R. Baird. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway.† Magill’s Survey of American Literature. Ed. Frank N. Magill. Vol. 3. New York: Marshall, 1991. Watts, Emily S. â€Å"Iconography and technical expression: the agony of man.† Ernest Hemingway and the Arts. Chicago: Illinois P, 1971. Word Count: 2024

Literacy for Adolescence Education Essay

The past couple of years have seen a much more focused and concerned behavior towards the curriculum followed by the students and this has gained momentum in the last two decades where the standard movements made the education planners and developers to go over and pay further attention as to what they are teaching their students. The behavior also came into existence after the gap between the educational standards of the foreign students and the American students was perceived as getting wider. This created a wave of panic in the educators who began to fear that their own students are lacking behind in their work and educational standards which is going to have a deep and long lasting effect on the American country. As arts is also an educational field it also came under this movement and so the arts schools are also now competing for existence and focusing deeply on their curriculum. The importance of arts cannot be denied by anyone as it plays a vital role in the student’s life and without it the students are denied the importance of visualizing whatever they are studying in their text books. The knowledge containing in the books are very important for a student to get the concept but without actually visualizing what is written in the text books that knowledge is not worth anything. The art becomes a medium for the students to understand and to see what they are studying without which they would have the knowledge of the books but won’t have any clue as to why or what that knowledge is referring to e. g. take an atom for example. A student can be taught the basic definition, importance, function and parts etc of these basic building blocks but the students wouldn’t be able to grasp the full concept behind an atom without seeing a picture of it and visualizing it. And this is where the study of arts comes in and develops the educational skills of the students. Art helps in exposing the students in encouraging their skills which can be gained through various forms of arts like drama, music, visual paintings etc. The school programs require both kinds of art forms and because of this varying schools promote and focus on it in different ways. This article makes an interesting and intelligent point that the teachers, rather than just focusing on making the students learn their course books, should encourage and help the students in developing their skills on their own. The teachers should focus that their role is not only to help the students to learn but also to make them see the actual hidden meaning behind the words and various subjects. For this arts has to be inculcated into the students so that they can focus on their true potentials. Not only the teachers but the parents and the education providers should encourage them to take maximum benefit from the field of arts as they can. But all the good things have a price to them and similarly the institutions should take the cost into account and make proper financial plans so as to increase and promote the use of art studies as much as they can. Through proper planning and focusing on the importance the education providers would be giving the students maximum opportunity to develop their skills. Bibliography High School Journal. (2008). Enhancing student learning through arts integration: implications for the profession. Retrieved February 12, 2009 from

How Does Timing and Positioning Affect Innovation

Timing plays an important role when It comes to Innovation. If a product Is not introduced to market at the right time, a product that could have otherwise been successful could fall. A successful company will Introduce a product when It Is fully- functioning and backed by critical partners. Other companies try to take a different route to success. There are different reasons why a company might Ignore the traditional route of entering market.One is that sometimes firms purposely enter the market without having any established strategic partnerships within the adoption outwork with the assumption that once the innovation starts becoming successful, the critical players will support the innovation on their own accord (Peasant & Told, 2011, p. 332). The problem with this Is that without the proper support, even if the product experiences unexpected growth in the beginning it is likely to never reach the bulk of their target market.It is Important for these companies to gain the benefit s of these strategic partnerships upon release of the product so that they can reach large-scale acceptance (Peasant & Tide, 2011, p. 332). Another reason why firms try to rush to market is to try and set the technological standard for an idea, along with to start recovering from their investments in the product. What firms sometimes do not realize is that when they rush their product into market, there are likely to be imperfections with its performance.The customers who buy the product early are the ones the firm should be striving to impress and the ones who have the highest expectations; they are oftentimes the most valuable customers. When the product Is not satisfactory, these customers could be disappointed which Is likely to affect their future purchases from your company. Like timing, the positioning of a product Is also Important to Its Innovation cycle. When a company decides to target a specific market like they should, the company needs to ensure that the features that Intrigue that target market are In perfectly working order.RIM proved that this was a successful route with the introduction of the BlackBerry and the enticing email In real-time feature (Peasant & Tide, 2011, p. 334). RIM knew that their target market were business workers who valued the email in real-time feature for when they were out of the office, so they made sure this eater worked perfectly among introducing it into market Along those same lines, if a product is not marketed toward the right target market, It Is likely to not be utilized to Its fullest capabilities.There could be numerous features that go unnoticed because the features are not relevant to the market it actually reaches. A lack to proactive targeting to the early adopters NAS been a big reason why businesses are known to fail after launch of their product (Peasant & Tide, 2011, p. 334). Reference Peasant, J. , & Tide, J. (2011). Innovation and entrepreneurship. (2nd De. ). Wiley. Retrieved from http://diver. V iticulture. Com/

Introduction to Computing A Review of Google Android OS and Apple iOS Mobile Platforms The WritePass Journal

Introduction to Computing A Review of Google Android OS and Apple iOS Mobile Platforms Abstract Introduction to Computing A Review of Google Android OS and Apple iOS Mobile Platforms ). Both have impressive functionalities and features. And both are capable of growing their systems to even more exciting heights in the future. Since the launch of these two mobile platforms, tech analysts and experts have intensely debated the pros and cons of each. Some advocate for Google Android because of its object-oriented architecture based on Java language and for being open-source (Baliton 2012). On the other hand, supporters of Apple iOS praise its enterprise functionality, especially its security and corporate-friendly features (Berthiaume 2012). With these in mind, this paper aims to investigate the similarities and differences between Google Android and Apple iOS mobile operating system platforms. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the two platforms by providing a comprehensive review based on the following criteria: (a) major features and functionalities; (b) advantages and disadvantages; (c) popularity and market share; and (d) the role of application developers Findings and Analysis In order to meet the primary objective of the paper, comparative analysis was used in reviewing Google Android and Apple iOS mobile platforms. Comparative analysis involves the comparison and contrast of two things (Walk 1998). It involves a side-by-side examination of two objects to determine whether they have a common-ground, equivalence, similarities, or differences (Business Dictionary 2012). The review was conducted based on specific criteria. Below are the results of the analysis. Major features and functionalities of Android OS and iOS mobile platforms In order to achieve an objective review of Android and iOS, the discussions regarding the major features and functionalities of both mobile platforms are analysed based on two major elements: (a) Development Features and (b) Applications. Development Features Android OS mainly uses Java, which is the common programming language used by most developers. As such, developing applications are easier for majority of developers. Moreover, since it is open-source, developers can easily access it and make applications for the Android platform. Java’s flexibility also allows the Android framework to be run on a wide range of hardware, including devices from various manufacturers (Viswanathan 2012; Baliton 2012). On the other hand, iOS uses Apple’s Objective C language. Developers who are familiar with C and C++ will be able to understand it because of similarities in the language. However, because it is proprietary, some developers may find it difficult to use, especially if they are not very proficient in C and C++ (Viswanathan 2012). In terms of application development platforms, Android offers developers open development platforms and allows them to use third party tools for app development.   Android developers are also provided with free development tools and documented libraries. This helps developers to play around with their apps, as well as add more functionality to them. (Viswanathan 2012; Baliton 2012). In contrast, for the iOS, Apple has stricter developer guidelines. Developers are given a fixed set of tools to develop apps and they are not allowed to use third party tools that are not approved by Apple (Viswanathan 2012). Android is highly versatile and allows developers to create dynamic apps for multiple purposes. However, the Android’s multi-tasking ability and its fragmented platform pose some challenges to Android developers. As such, amateur Android developers often have problems in learning, understanding, and mastering the platform. For iOS, on the other hand, Apple provides a more stable, exclusive platform for app development. Apple clearly specifies tools and defines their potential and boundaries to make it easier for developers (Viswanathan 2012). Applications The iOS is being commended by its supporters for its enterprise abilities. iOS supports Microsoft Exchange accounts and ActiveSync, which allows contacts, calendars, and email hosted on existing Exchange servers to be loaded on to any iOS devices. Email attachments (e.g. Excel, PowerPoint, Word) can also be viewed without having to download additional software. Additionally, iOS apps are restricted from accessing data from other apps in order to prevent malicious third-party apps from accessing sensitive information (Berthiaume 2012).   In terms of number and quality of gaming apps, it is undeniable that the iOS has a bigger and better library of available games than Android. However, the downside is that consumers have to pay for iOS apps; while Android users get most of their gaming apps for free (Fox 2012). In terms of mapping/navigational applications, Google Maps puts Android way ahead of Apple maps. However, Android still has a lot of catching up to do with iOS in terms of the quality and availability of other apps. Moreover, although developers have praised the portability of Java environment, issues with hardware fragmentation is a big challenge for most developers. There are many customer complaints about unsupported devices and developers face the daunting task of enabling support for a huge range of mobile devices. Despite these issues, hardware fragmentation also has an advantage. Android’s diversity and portability gives consumers a wide array of mobile devices to choose from depending on their budget and needs (Fox 2012). Market share commanded by Android OS and iOS The latest report from market research company IDC (International Data Corporation) shows that Google’s Android mobile OS accounted for 75% (136 million units) market share of all smart phone handsets shipped during the third quarter of 2012. This figure is almost double the amount from the same period last year. On the other hand, mobile devices using Apple’s iOS only grew by 57% (26.9 million units), representing a very low 15% of the market share (Hof 2012). Moreover, the latest third quarter report from comScore also shows that Android is the top smart phone platform in the US, with 52.5% market share, up by 0.9 percentage points; while Apple’s share is 34.3%, up by 1.9 percentage points (Flosi 2012). Figure 1. Top Smart Phone OS Platforms (comScore Report) Top Smartphone Platforms 3 Month Avg. Ending Sep. 2012 vs. 3 Month Avg. Ending Jun. 2012 Total U.S. Smartphone Subscribers Ages 13+ Source: comScore MobiLens    Share (%) of Smartphone Subscribers Jun-12 Sep-12 Point Change Total Smartphone Subscribers 100.0% 100.0% N/A Google 51.6% 52.5% 0.9 Apple 32.4% 34.3% 1.9 RIM 10.7% 8.4% -2.3 Microsoft 3.8% 3.6% -0.2 Symbian 0.9% 0.6% -0.3    Advantages and Disadvantages of both Android OS and iOS Despite their immense popularity, both the Android OS and iOS have their own strengths and weaknesses. There are some elements where the Android trumps the iOS; while in other cases, the iOS has the upper hand. The table below summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of both platforms. Google Android OS Apple iOS Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages à ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Uses Java language (free, open source) O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Highly fragmented platform à ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More stable, exclusive platform for app developers; tools are specified and defined O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Uses proprietary Objective-C language à ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Multi-tasking: Android can run on many applications at the same time O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inconsistency and instability in application designs à ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Easy to use/navigate; user friendly O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cannot run Flash or Shockwave à ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Allows interface and settings customization; more ability to customize O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Less apps than Apple à ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unique interface O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lack of customization à ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Easy access to applications and free download from Android App Market and O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Applications are free but advertising can be bothersome à ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cohesive applications; more number of apps O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have to pay for apps à ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Diverse phone options. Android is available from various smart phone manufacturers. O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not all apps are supported by all Android mobile devices à ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tight integration with social networking O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Platform is limited to Apple mobile devices only à ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Integrated Google services à ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Great music experience; good for music lovers à ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ability to use as a USB storage device Sources: Mobilecon.info, iChips Tech Blog, Viswanathan 2012, Fox 2012 The Role of Application Developers Mobile applications are able to penetrate markets where the PC could not enter. They allow mobile phones to be more personalized and provide more valued added services such as integrated social media networks, games, etc (Aiyedogbon 2012). Developers create these applications; they are the ones who elevated mobile phones to what it is right now. As such, application developers have a very important role to play in the mobile devices industry. As market demand continues to rise for apps to run on mobile platforms, there is a high demand for mobile development talent. Application developers are the backbone of the mobile devices industry. They create the applications which companies leverage as their unique selling points. Without these apps, mobile devices will be limited to the basic functions of calling and texting. It is the application developers who provide added value to mobile devices and as such, their importance in the mobile industry cannot be underestimated. For both the Android and iOS, the role of application developers highly influences the growth of these platforms. Android, with its Java-based environment, is praised by many application developers because it ‘promotes market competition, which safeguards against monopolization of the emerging mobile device markets, and spawns creativity among hardware and software companies’ (Baliton 2012, p.1). This openness of Android encourages developers to create new apps in the future. On the other hand, the very diversity of Android leads to hardware fragmentation and this is a major stumbling block for many developers. Moreover, many experts observe that ‘most developers prefer to develop for iOS first and Android second, if at all’ (Fox 2012, p.1). The main reason for this preference is that iOS developers get paid for development and receive royalties from their apps. This monetary reward is the primary incentive for many application developers’s preference for developing apps for the iOS. Conclusions The Android and iOS have pros and cons when it comes to developing new apps. Android’s strength lies in its use of the Java language; while iOS advantage is its more stable, exclusive platform for developers. Android allows developers more freedom and creativity in developing apps; but the iOS provides better monetary incentives for developers. In terms of applications, iOS is commended for its business features and functionalities; while Android is praised because of its better customization and flexibility, which allows it to be used across various devices (regardless of manufacturer). According to the latest IDC report, Android and iOS account for 90% of the global market share in smart phone operating systems. The two platforms are dominating the smart phone market and are expected to continue their leadership in the business. Google Android leads Apple iOS in terms of units shipped but the release of newer iPhone models are expected to decrease the gap between the two. Both the Google Android OS and Apple iOS have their own advantages and disadvantages. Both are equally strong competitors and together they are expected to rule the mobile platform marketplace in the foreseeable future, on the basis of their quality and features. References Anon. (2012).  Advantages and Disadvantages Android mobile phone. Available: http://mobilecon.info/advantages-and-disadvantages-android-mobile-phone.html. Last accessed 27th Nov 2012. Baliton, D. (2012).  Android provides the whole answer.  Available: networkworld.com/community/tech-debate-android-ios. Last accessed 27th Nov 2012. Berthiaume, J. (2012).  iOS the only choice for a modern enterprise. Available: networkworld.com/community/tech-debate-android-ios. Last accessed 27th Nov 2012. Business Dictionary. (2012).  Comparability Analysis.  Available: businessdictionary.com/definition/comparability-analysis.html. Last accessed 27th Nov 2012. Dix, J. (2012).  iOS vs. Android in the enterprise.  Available: networkworld.com/community/tech-debate-android-ios. Last accessed 27th Nov 2012. Flosi, S. (2012).  comScore Reports September 2012 U.S. Mobile Subscriber Market Share.  Available: comscore.com/Insights/Press_Releases/2012/11/comScore_Reports_September_2012_U.S._Mobile_Subscriber_Market_Share. Last accessed 27th Nov 2012. Fox, J. (2012).  iOS 6 vs. Android Jelly Bean.  Available: ign.com/articles/2012/09/25/ios-6-vs-android-jelly-bean. Last accessed 27th Nov 2012. Hof, R. (2012).  Googles Android Crushes Apples iOS In Smartphone ShipmentsBut Does It Matter?  Available: forbes.com/sites/roberthof/2012/11/02/googles-android-crushes-apple-in-smartphone-shipments-but-does-it-matter/. Last accessed 27th Nov 2012. Viswanathan, P. (2012).  Android OS Vs. Apple iOS – Which is Better for Developers?  Available: http://mobiledevices.about.com/od/kindattentiondevelopers/tp/Android-Os-Vs-Apple-Ios-Which-Is-Better-For-Developers.htm. Last accessed 27th Nov 2012. Walk, K. (2012).  How to Write a Comparative Analysis.  Available: fas.harvard.edu/~wricntr/documents/CompAnalysis.html. Last accessed 27th Nov 2012.

Elementary science unit plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Elementary science unit plan - Essay Example displaced or pushed aside by an article weigh up more as compared to the object or article itself, the water is capable of holding the object up on its surface. The object floats. 5. Explain with an example, take an aluminum foil and make a boat. Float this boat on the surface of water. It pushes greater amount of water because of its large surface area and therefore the aluminum boat floats. At the same time explain displacement of water by the aluminum boat. 6. Explain the fundamental of surface area of the foil. Now crumple the foil to reduce the surface area. When this crumpled aluminum ball is placed in water it displaces less water as compared to its weight and therefore the crumpled aluminum ball sinks. The main objective is to make the students understand that matter is made up of molecules. Generalization and representational aspects enable students to communicate scientifically with their immediate environment and relate objects which can float and which cannot float. 5. Explain the concept that when boat and other objects which float, are placed in water they push aside enough water to generate a force that keeps the objects on the surface of water and thus the objects such as boats float. 10. Explain the concept why things float? Perform a simple experiment with the help of saltwater or fresh water to explain which is more buoyant? In any way, addition of salt in water affects the buoyancy of water? This could be performed by taking two containers, one with normal water (label as Normal Water) and other with salt water (Label as Salt Water). Place one-one egg in each of the containers. 11. Ask the students to observe carefully. Explain the fundamental that by adding salt the density of water increased. Salt water is denser as compared to the normal water. As soon as eggs are placed in the jars containing normal water and salt water, the egg in the normal water sinks while egg in the saline water floats. This is because of the density of water.

Organizational Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organizational Justice - Assignment Example There are clearly defined ways to improve the perception of organizational justice by one's employees or members. Samples of some alternatives are; fairness of hiring practices, non-discriminatory policies, allowing for feedback from employees, management fairness training, and a clearly procedural rewards system. As the characteristics of a process (procedural justice) are more closely linked with the perception of justice of the organization and therefore the employee's trust, more research is needed into just procedures. Employees or members of any organization that feel it's policies and procedures are at minimum unbiased are more likely to feel their contributions make a difference to the organization. When employees feel they are valued they establish a relationship with their employer/organization which invites loyalty, dedication, and higher production. Therefore, it is important to measure perceptions of trust and justice to ensure that employees feel they are treated fairly and justly. It is important to evaluate the progress of the company/organization and constantly ensure that its employees are content. This allows for maximum retention, performance, and production. Organizational Justice is the term used to define people's perception of fairness in an organization. The majority of studies on justice were conducted in the 1960's, but the majority of studies on justice in organizations have been published since 1990 (Charash 278). As it is a relatively newer field, it is surprising the number of studies that have been conducted, Charash mentions 400 studies and 100 theoretical papers. It is therefore obvious that it is an important topic in Business Management. There are three main types of Organizational Justice; distributive, procedural, and interactional (Charash 278, Henle 248). Distributive justice emphasizes the perceived outcome of fairness, and is mainly related to the cognitive, affective, and behavioral reactions to particular outcomes. When an outcome is perceived as unfair, it will affect the employee's emotions and ultimately their behavior in relation to the organization. Distributive justice fails the measure the interpretation of the methods of an organization, it only addresses the outcome. Procedural justice shifted the focus from emphasizing not only the outcome as with distributive justice, but rather the perceived fairness of the process by which the outcome was achieved. (Charash 280). It is simply defined as the fairness of the process by which outcomes are determined. Procedural justice is perceived to exist when procedures follow certain types of accepted principles. Leventhal's 1980 conceptualization addressed six rules that yield perceptions of a fairer procedure. They are; (a) the consistency rule; (b) the bias-suppression rule; (c) the accuracy rule; (d) the correctability rule; (e) the representativeness rule; and (f) the ethicality rule. It is worth noting that perception of unfairness in an organization's procedure will result in reactions directed toward the organization as opposed to distributive justice, where the reactions will be directed toward the decision maker. The third type of Organizational justice is interactional justice. Interactional justic