The Oppression Of Opposite Sex Sexuality And Relationships

Journal Heterosexism is the oppression of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. In our society heterosexuals is the normal and those who do not fit into this category are shunned. Throughout history, â€Å"homosexuality and bisexuality have been called many things; from sin, sickness, and crime, to orientation, identity and even a gift from God.† (372). Labels and judgments are justifications for society to marginalize people due to their sexuality. Our society tends to look for ways to justify homosexuality by looking for â€Å"deficiencies† through â€Å"medical or psychological terms† (373). Language is another powerful tool that society uses to gain authority in order to define the normative. Language can dehumanize homosexuality by using words such as â€Å"queer, faggot, and dyke† in order to gain empowerment over their sexuality. The efforts to make homosexuality inferior in our society, causes heterosexuals to view homosexuality in negative ter ms. From a young age, society teaches us to be heterosexuals and those who go against the norms are viewed as â€Å"trespassing† (399). In the essay â€Å"How Homophobia Hurts Everyone† a quote by Douglas shares how society manipulates our perceptions. In the quote Douglas recalls his slave masters wife as a kind lady whom allowed â€Å"slavery to divest her of her heavenly qualities. Under its influence, the tender heart became stone, and the lamblike disposition gave way to one of tiger like fierceness† (381). It is important to realize that as a societyShow MoreRelatedFemale Sexuality : Male Sexuality846 Words   |  4 PagesFemale Sexuality Female sexuality has been a controversial subject that plays a crucial role in our everyday lives. There is a constant double standard women face. In terms of sexuality both males and females are more similar than society deems them. It begins with parents; they have a great impact on how their daughters view sex and their own sexuality. Also female sexuality is considered taboo when they become mothers. There is a never ending battle of hypocrisy that women face when it comes toRead MoreComparing The Two Acts Of Cloud 91488 Words   |  6 Pagessimilarities within Act One and Act Two. It will also examine the codes of behaviour related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships within this play, explore some of the character’s personal relationships with sex and sexuality and how they use their sexuality as a coping mechanism within the context of the play. It will also examine character traits and their ability or inability to cope with their their sexuality within the p lay. Clive is the first act’s protagonist, he appears to be the model idealRead MoreThe Topic Of Sexuality1144 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduce the topic of sexuality (para)- Horrocks (1997) points out in his book that sexuality encircles multiple aspects of human existence. 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This past semester I was also enrolled in Introduction to LGBT StudiesRead MoreHow Comprehensive Sexuality Educational Class At Young Age Affect Teenagers?1673 Words   |  7 PagesHow Comprehensive Sexuality Educational Class at Young Age Affect Teenagers? When adolescents feel distinct to family, relatives, and school, they could turn into complex activities that put their wellbeing at risk. On the other hand, when parents establish the value of their children, young people more frequently increase positive, healthful thoughts about themselves. Even though most adults desire youth to identify about abstinence, contraception, and how to prevent HIV and other sexually transmittedRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough fashion and sweet words. She states how this perpetual petting keeps women pinned against each other and divided. These frivolities are a root to the oppression of women she believes. 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Definitions And Functions Of Micro Finance Economics Essay Free Essays

string(94) " This adds to the bid over resources outwit insubordination and mean their societal function\." Microfinance is viewed to be a remedy against poorness in the universe. In each state and part holding diverse demographics, microfinance is being utilized to battle poorness. It is a quite recent construct in banking and fiscal sectors. We will write a custom essay sample on Definitions And Functions Of Micro Finance Economics Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Microfinance is to assign really little loans to hapless people with the purpose of helping them to get down their ain endeavors so as they can come out of poorness. That is microfinance is non a manus out, alternatively it is a manus up that permit the hapless, largely adult females, to achieve uninterrupted fiscal victory. The Journal of Microfinance describes it as what â€Å" is arguably the most advanced scheme to turn to the jobs of planetary poorness † ( Woodworth and Woller, 1999 ) . The General Secretary of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, stated in 2002 that microcredit is a critical anti-poverty tool and a wise investing in human capital ( Annan, 2002 ) . â€Å" Microfinance has evolved as an economic development attack intended to profit low-income adult females and work forces. It refers to the proviso of fiscal services to low – income clients, including the ego employed † ( Ledgerwood, 2000 ) . Microfinance is defined as formal strategy designed to better the well being of hapless through better entree to salvaging and services loans ( Schreiner, 2000 ) . The word â€Å" microcredit † was non existing before the 1970ss. But now it has turn out to be a buzz-word among the development practicians. It is usually characterized as doing little loans available straight to small-scale enterprisers to enable them either to set up or to spread out micro-enterprises and little concerns. Microcredit is usually applied to aim groups that would otherwise non measure up for loans from formal establishments. This includes the bulk of those populating below the poorness line ( Commonwealth Secretariat, 2001 ) . Microcredit differs from microfinance in that microcredit refers to really little loans for uncompensated borrowers with small or no collateral, provided by lawfully registered establishments. Currently, consumer recognition provided to salaried workers based on automated recognition marking is normally non included in the definition of microcredit, although this may alter. Whereas Microfinance typically refers to microcredit, nest eggs, insurance, money transportations, and other fiscal merchandises targeted at hapless and low-income people. Microfinance is a extremely common manner of loaning as batch of people require to borrow money quickly and in small sum. In the instance of macro loans, Bankss enquire about the individual ‘s recognition history and people have to go through through tonss of processs before the blessing of the loan sum. CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROFINANCE Harmonizing to ( Murray, U and Boros, R, 2002 ) , there are many activities and features are included in microfinance. Some are: Small sums of loans and nest eggs. Short- footings loan ( normally up to the term of one twelvemonth ) . Payment agendas attribute frequent installments ( or patronize sedimentations ) . Installments made up of both chief and involvement, which is amortized over the class of clip. Higher involvement rates on recognition ( higher than commercial bank rates but lower than loan-shark rates ) , which reflect the labour-intensive work associated with doing little loans and leting the microfinance mediator to go sustainable over clip. Easy entryway to the microfinance intermediary saves the clip and money of the client and permits the intermediary to hold a better thought about the clients ‘ fiscal and societal position. Application processs are simple. Short processing periods ( between the completion of the application and the expenses of the loan ) . The clients who pay on clip become eligible for repetition loans with higher sums. The usage of tapering involvement rates ( diminishing involvement rates over several loan rhythms ) as an inducement to refund on clip. Larger loans are less dearly-won to the MFI, so some loaners provide big size loans on comparatively lower rates. No collateral is required contrary to formal banking patterns. Alternatively of collateral, microfinance mediators use alternate methods, such as the appraisals of clients ‘ refund potency by running hard currency flow analyses, which is based on the watercourse of hard currency flows, generated by the activities for which loans are taken. MICROFINANCE CLIENTS? Microfinance is established as an efficient manner to eliminate poorness by offering fiscal services to those hapless people who can non make or are ignored by Bankss and fiscal establishments. HOW DOES IT WORK? Poor people have necessary accomplishments and cognition to get down their ain endeavor, the lone thing is that they do non hold resources ( particularly finance ) to make so. Thus microcredit helps them to carry through their vision by supplying them with micro loans. Harmonizing to Ahmad ( 2000 ) , it is acknowledged that people populating in poorness are innately capable of working their manner out of poorness with self-respect, and can demo originative potencies to better their state of affairs when an enabling environment and the right chance exists. It has been noticed that in many states of the universe, micro-credit programmes, give entree to little capitals to people populating in poorness. Microfinance is an promising tool for economic development, poorness decrease, authorising of low income communities and giving a new function in micro-entrepreneurship ( Mondal, p.1-3 ) . The MFIs take into history the demand of their clients refering micro loans so as they can transport on their endeavors. There are two types of microfinance borrowers ; Micro borrower and Micro enterpriser. A micro borrower has mind like capitalist who is intend to derive net income while making concern. Therefore a micro borrower gets fundss from MFIs, and after reimbursing, they will obtain fundss once more but merely if the intent is to gain net income and non any entrepreneurial accomplishment. In contrast, a micro enterpriser financess his concern and brings modernism, originality and differentiation from others ( Mondal, p.3 ) . Microfinance bestow authorization to adult females. Misra ( p.3 ) describes empowerment as a strength to the people and self administration. He quoted â€Å" Empowerment builds autonomy and strength in adult females, fixing them towards garnering the ability to find the pick of life. This adds to the bid over resources outwit insubordination and mean their societal function. You read "Definitions And Functions Of Micro Finance Economics Essay" in category "Best finance essays" † Harmonizing to PREM, WB ( 2002, p.11 ) , â€Å" Authorization is the enlargement of assets and capablenesss of hapless people to take part in, negotiate with, influence, control, and keep accountable establishments that affect their lives. † MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS A microfinance establishment ( MFI ) is an organisation that offers minor loans to the destitute people. The model of the loan differs from organisation to organisation as every establishment has their ain processs and conditions to provide credits. However, the nucleus intent is to allow fiscal aid to the underprivileged. When speaking about MFIs, we can believe about non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) which besides provide loan installations to the hapless. During the 1990s, many NGOs were converted into formal fiscal establishments so as to entree and on-lend client nest eggs, as a consequence bettering their outreach. There are besides other sorts of microfinance establishments such as recognition brotherhood or concerted lodging society. These organisations are different in every state ( Rehman, 2007 ) . Nowadays even commercials Bankss are traveling towards the construct of microfinance. They are making this to pull new patronages who wants to get down a concern but does non hold plenty support to make so. CHARACTERISTICS OF MFIS Formal suppliers are sometimes defined as those that are capable non merely to general Torahs but besides to specific banking ordinance and supervising ( development Bankss, nest eggs and postal Bankss, commercial Bankss, and non-bank fiscal mediators ) . Formal suppliers may besides be any registered legal organisations offering any sort of fiscal services. Semiformal suppliers are registered entities subject to general and commercial Torahs but are non normally under bank ordinance and supervising ( fiscal NGOs, recognition brotherhoods and co-ops ) . Informal suppliers are non-registered groups such as revolving nest eggs and recognition associations ( ROSCAs ) and self-help groups. Ownership constructions: MFIs can be government-owned, like the rural recognition co-ops in China ; member-owned, like the recognition brotherhoods in West Africa ; socially minded stockholders, like many transformed NGOs in Latin America ; and profit-maximising stockholders, like the microfinance Bankss in Eastern Europe. The types of services offered are limited by what is allowed by the legal construction of the supplier: non-regulated establishments are non by and large allowed to supply nest eggs or insurance. ( www.cgap.com ) ISLAMIC MICROFINANCE Accepting or paying involvement while loaning or borrowing money is out harmonizing to the Islamic jurisprudence. However the borrower will portion the net income that he will obtain from his concern with the loaner. Money is non an plus for gaining net income ( Duhmale, Sapcanin, p.1 ) . Islam emphasizes on societal, ethical, moral factors for distribution of wealth and usher towards societal and economic justness. Islam encourage net income instead than involvement because gaining net income evolve productive activity and involve in net income and hazard sharing between loaner and borrower ( Dhumale, Sapcanin, p.1-2 ) . The intent of Islamic microfinance is to supply little loans to hapless people without involvement. This construct benefits the borrower as microfinance involvement rates are comparatively high. There are several agencies to continue with the interest-free microfinance but we will speak about three of them which are: MUDARABA ( Participation Financing ) Here trade takes topographic point between the loaner and the borrower. No involvement will be charged, nevertheless net income will be shared by both the loan supplier and the borrower. Harmonizing to Zaher, Kaber, â€Å" Mudaraba is a trust based funding understanding whereby an investor ( Islamic bank ) entrusts capital to an agent ( Mudarib ) for a undertaking. Net income will be shared on an agreed ratio and the contract is similar to a western type of limited partnership where 1 is shooting money and the other one controls the concern. In instance of losingss, the loaner receives no return and the borrower no recompense for his work ( Segrado, 2005, p.11 ) . MUSHARAKA Harmonizing to Segrado ( 2005 ) , â€Å" Two parties provide capital for a undertaking which both may pull off. Net incomes are shared in pre-agreed ratios but losingss are borne in proportion to equity engagement † . As we can see, here it is non established on net income sharing but depends on rating and disposal competency and portion in concern. MURABAHAH Here the loaner will buy goods and sell them to the borrower after adding a sensible net income. The loaner will remain the owner of the goods until imbursements are cleared. Dhumale, Sapcanin ( p.10 ) describe Murabahah as â€Å" the Murabahah contract is similar to merchandise finance in the context of working capital loans and to renting in the context of fixed capital loans † . MICROCREDIT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION THE GRAMEEN MODEL The footings â€Å" microfinance † and â€Å" micro recognition † were non on screen before 1980s 0r 1990s ( Robinson, 2001 ) . It all started with the return on Muhammad Yunus to Bangladesh after learning in the U.S for a few old ages. In 1974, during a trip in a comparatively hapless small town in Bangladesh, Muhammad Yunus came across Sufiya, a stool shaper, who had to borrow money from a local loaner so as to purchase natural stuffs. She had to refund the loaner with high involvement rates which sometimes exceeded the initial sum. After refund, she was left with practically nil to run into her basic demands. Dr. Yunus was disappointed by what he saw and lent a little sum of money to 42 rural basket-weavers. He found that his action encouraged them to work more and they were enthusiastic to refund their loan ( Roy, Mark A, 2003 ) . After two old ages, there came the constitution of the Grameen Bank where Dr. Yunus introduced the â€Å" Grameen Model † which is now the cant in the universe of microfinance. Since its start in 1976, it has grown to over 1084 national subdivisions in over half the small towns of Bangladesh. The construct of this theoretical account is to supply loan installations to hapless people, particularly adult females, so that they can transport out their little endeavors and pull off their support ( Roy, Mark A. , March 2003 ) . The process of the â€Å" Grameen Model † is that borrowers should organize a group of five members. After the loan application, the first two people will obtain the loan. If they repay their loan successfully, so the other two members will acquire their loan sum. The last member will be granted the loan when the old two members clear their debts. If this group was a good remunerator, therefore they will be eligible for future loans. However, if one of them fail to pay the loan, the whole group will be disqualified for farther loan ( Rehman, 2007 ) . As we can see, the attack of group loaning is applied. This attack has many advantages. First, members of a group are acquainted to each other, hence if one is absent in the group meeting, another one can pay its installments. Furthermore in South Asia, particularly in Bangladesh, there exists some sort of societal force per unit areas. If a member of a group does non refund his loan, he will be pressurized by the other members and besides his vicinity will acquire to cognize about it. So he will hold to do an attempt to refund his loan to avoid this sort of state of affairs ( Sengupta, Aubuchon, 2008 ). How to cite Definitions And Functions Of Micro Finance Economics Essay, Essays

Elements in Road not taken Essay Example For Students

Elements in Road not taken Essay Robert Frosts Poetic Techniques Uniquely Used in The Road Not TakenRobert Frost utilizes several poetic techniques to reveal the theme in his poem, The Road Not Taken, which is stressing the importance the decision making of one is, regardless of whether or not it is agreement with the resolution of their peers, and how it can affect their future. The techniques exercised in this piece of work are symbolism, imagery, and tone. Symbolism is the most powerfully used technique due to the fact a good number of lines located in this poem is used to signify a certain object or idea related to our life or todays world. Imagery is significant in drawing out the theme for the reason that it allows the reader to construct a depiction in their mind, permitting them to relate more to the poem and interpret the theme their own way. In this poem, imagery permits the reader to imagine the scene that this poem takes place in resulting in an enhanced understanding of the theme. The tone this work presents is an insecure attitude which allows the theme to be brought out due to the fact the theme relates to a dilemma in ones life. As seen by the reader, these techniques strongly aid in the revealing of this specific theme. The first technique Frost utilizes to uncover the theme is the strongest method, symbolism.Exploiting symbolism is used by containing objects in the poem that represent an article of something relevant in the readers life; therefore, assisting in the presentation of the theme. The primarily symbolized object in this poem is the fork in the road, which is the basis of the theme. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, /And sorry I could not travel both / And be one traveler, long I stood / And looked down one as far as I could / To where it bent in the undergrowth (Frost. 1-5). Symbolically speaking, Robert Frost does a proficient job of transforming a seemingly common road to one of great importance, representing a decision that could lead one in two separate directions. The resolution the traveler comes upon may possibly affect his or her life; therefore, stressing the importance of decision making. The following symbolic element is the quality of the courses the voyager encounters. The earlier path is worn down

Orange PLCs Organizational Culture and Structure

Introduction: The Orange PLC Company Orange PLC Company is one of the most profitable international companies in the global PC business arena. The company has its headquarters in New York. The New York branch has 250 employees in the three departments of production, marketing, human resource management.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Orange PLC’s Organizational Culture and Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to survive and control a sizeable share of the global PC industry, Orange PLC Company has endeavored to remain competitive through an organized structure and culture. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly review organizational structure, restructure and culture of the Orange PLC Company located in the United States of America. Orange PLC’s Organization Structure Organization structure refers to systems and channels that control the scope of operations in an orga nization. The organization structure offers an explicit overview of the general operation of a company within efficiency levels (Sylvia Stanley 2008). Work Specialization Knowing how to improve quality is crucial in the growth of a business enterprise. Improved quality has great reward to the Orange PLC Company. Since the production team is permanently employed in the company, they are engaged in the production process to ensure that the company optimizes labor as a factor of production towards efficiency. This is achieved through quality planning of the labor hours of the employees that relate to their specialization, rather than just keeping them on standby (Sylvia Stanley 2008). Besides, the marketing team is constantly trained on the latest marketing models to ensure that they give their best in online and offline marketing of the company’s products. The HRM team has specialized training on efficient performance among the employees to minimize redundancy. Quality planni ng of work specialization is an important policy that aims to promote long term success in business objectives since it is focused to enhance the effective exploitation of human resources (Sylvia Stanley 2008).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chain of Command The Orange PLC Company has demonstrated that there exists a complex network behind its formal organizational chart. The teamwork-based organization structure actually identifies the hierarchy of the organization structure in order to understand the complex network. In addition, it provides myriad illustrations of the persuasive importance of problem definition within communication contemporary context. Also, the strategies of investigation, ramification, and elements of the problem definition are addressed in its chain of command. The current organization structure of the Orange PLC Company is characterized by a strea mlined chain of bureaucracy in the chain of command. The top bracket in the chain of command consists of the five company board of directors who report to the chairman of the company. Under the board of directors are the departmental managers in the three departments of production, marketing, and human resource management. Team supervisors below the departmental managers report directly to managers and are the bridge between employees and the managers. The ordinary employees are grouped into team units consisting of four employees within the same area of specialization. Thus, whenever there is need to communicate an issue to the chairperson, the team cells will pass the information to the supervisors. The hierarchal procedure will be repeated until the chairperson gets the information. For the self-motivated people, this approach allow them to do more spectacular things as a team and not as human machines (Sylvia Stanley 2008). Span of Control Other factors associated with inhibiti ng learning in organizations are inappropriate organizational structures, work pressure, entrenched attitudes towards learning, and emphasis on meeting targets (Douglas 2000). Fear and resistance to change in organizations that are characterized by high levels of bureaucracy and inter-functional rivalry are the main reasons that impede learning in such organizations. Fortunately, since every employee in the Orange PLC Company is his or her own boss, the cultural structure of the company has spurred a continuous growth in the competitive market. Related to changes in organizational structure are the variations in job design and new structures which provide the employees with an opportunity within the work activities. Moreover, the Orange PLC organization exhibits flexibility in its organizational structure that enables jobs to be redesigned thus, facilitating work based innovations.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Orange PLC’s Organizational Culture and Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Centralization Orange PLC Company has created a healthy work environment and personal growth perspectives that apply to all situations since all the vital controls organs of the company are centralized. Through centralized and properly designed training procedures, talent promotion, and motivation, productive behavior internalization have presented the best alternative ways of solving problems in role execution. Unless employees take a positive attitude to embrace change and create an environment that motivated the change, quantifiable change may just be a dream (Douglas 2000). Formalization The Orange PLC institution is made up of formal systems of monitoring operations, reviewing performance and rewarding achievements. Employees’ behaviors in the company are influenced by the mutual interests that exist between the company and its workers. This mutual interest offers superordinate o bjective, which can be achieved only through combined determination of the organization (employer) and individual workers in a formalized production control system. Restructuring at the Orange PLC Company Restructuring in an organization refers to the strategies adopted by an organization to introduce an element of change that is meant to improve on the performance of that organization. Restructuring is necessary whenever redundancy becomes the norm of organization performance (Douglas 2000). The Orange PLC Company has restructured to introduce innovation department in the last two years to properly monitor and manage the logistics and challenges that might exist in the transit channels of product improvement. Specifically, restructuring of the production department was necessary in achieving the company’s goal of being the innovation leader in America. The innovative structure was critical in improving leadership skills, evaluation skills, and promoting creativity within the production department.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, job performance has greatly improved since the attractive rewards for innovation have become a motivational engine among the employees. Orange PLC’s Organization Culture Organizational culture is a manner in which people in a company operate both unconsciously and consciously on their daily activities (Flamholtz Randle 2011). Through understanding the organizational culture, the Orange PLC institution can understand the culture that prevails, drives and supports essential programs within its workforce to accomplish the strategic objectives. Physical structure The physical structures of the Orange PLC’s organization culture promote positive relationships between favorable and effective job performance and work environment as attributes of motivation and congenial conditions. The structure encourages security, comfort and safety, and prevailing physical convenience. Measuring factors such as interpersonal relations, working conditions, support and trust, we lfare provisions, and work environment have greatly contributed to the organizational effectiveness as well as good employees’ behavior at the Orange PLC. Symbols The Orange PLC Company has identified that the key driver of productivity is employees’ morale. It is revealed that engaged and productive workers are more likely to be creative and interested in their work commitments. Satisfied workers are more eager to create positive results in their work. This element has been embedded in the company unity of purpose symbol designed to create the culture of efficiency and support among the employees. Ceremonies, language and rituals With the need to establish a proactive organizational culture, the Orange PLC Company has developed a discursive approach in explaining and exploring shared and coordinated actions on roles and channels through which organizational framework functions in the exchange of information formally. This is of great essence towards understanding its organizational communication. Employees are also allowed to contribute their viewpoints regarding the daily management and operation of the organization. In order for the productivity quotient to become an effective tool, it is appropriate to ensure that workers and the management team both understand the collective perspective of the institution (Douglas 2000). The managers play a significant role in setting up the learning environment for their employees. This culture has created an ideal climate for innovation and communication among the employees. The proactive communication and teamwork culture at the Orange PLC Company spells the rules of engagement, expected behavior, and repercussions for misconduct. These rules appreciate diversity and uphold integrity in judgment. In the process, issues of prejudice are minimized as diversity develops into a positive aspect of the organization (Flamholtz Randle 2011). Consequently, when people are absorbed and made to feel part of these g oals, they would strive to give their best towards the organization and uphold the existing culture with minimal struggle. References Douglas, R. (2000). Does corporate culture contribute to performance? American international college journal of business, 4(1), 45-47. Flamholtz, E., Randle, Y. (2011). Corporate culture: the ultimate strategic asset. Stanford, UK: Stanford business Books. Sylvia, F., Stanley, K. (2008). Creating competitive advantage through intangible assets: The direct and indirect effects of corporate culture and reputation. Advances in competitiveness research, 16(2), 34-38. This report on Orange PLC’s Organizational Culture and Structure was written and submitted by user Barbara Berry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Witchcraft

Witchcraft, term for the principal means by which humans have been thought to work magic, that is, to bring about practical changes by their own will and employing supernatural means. Witchcraft needs to be distinguished from religion, in which humans are totally dependent upon divine beings to grant their wishes, and sorcery, in which supernatural skills are acquired by a process of study, usually involving books and apprenticeship to a master. Most human societies have believed in witchcraft, and indeed the modern Western societies are unusual in their refusal to do so. Traditionally, people have treated witchcraft in two very different ways. On the one hand they have resorted to specialists in it for their benefit: to be freed from suffering, to injure enemies, or to obtain what they desire. On the other, they have blamed it for their own misfortunes, and set out to identify and punish the witch responsible for using the power against them. Most societies, also, have had a well-developed idea of what a witch should be like; They are most often thought of as ugly old women, though references to beautiful young female witches exist. In Europe witches are portrayed as thin and gaunt, much like the Wicked Witch of the West as she appears in the Oz story with her black robe and conical hat. In Central Africa witches are thought of as fat from eating human flesh. In Europe they fly around on broomsticks, a popular Halloween depiction. In Central Africa they travel in saucer-shaped baskets. They often employ animals as assistants in their evil deeds. The witch of Oz had flying monkeys. In Europe they use cats, dogs, or weasels; in Japan, hyenas or owls; in Africa, baboons. Some witches even turn into animal forms. Witches are believed to use supernatural powers, in the form of magic, for evil purposes. Witches are usually regarded as possessed of evil spirits or under the guidance of some undetermined compulsion. . Many have believed in... Free Essays on Witchcraft Free Essays on Witchcraft Witchcraft, term for the principal means by which humans have been thought to work magic, that is, to bring about practical changes by their own will and employing supernatural means. Witchcraft needs to be distinguished from religion, in which humans are totally dependent upon divine beings to grant their wishes, and sorcery, in which supernatural skills are acquired by a process of study, usually involving books and apprenticeship to a master. Most human societies have believed in witchcraft, and indeed the modern Western societies are unusual in their refusal to do so. Traditionally, people have treated witchcraft in two very different ways. On the one hand they have resorted to specialists in it for their benefit: to be freed from suffering, to injure enemies, or to obtain what they desire. On the other, they have blamed it for their own misfortunes, and set out to identify and punish the witch responsible for using the power against them. Most societies, also, have had a well-developed idea of what a witch should be like; They are most often thought of as ugly old women, though references to beautiful young female witches exist. In Europe witches are portrayed as thin and gaunt, much like the Wicked Witch of the West as she appears in the Oz story with her black robe and conical hat. In Central Africa witches are thought of as fat from eating human flesh. In Europe they fly around on broomsticks, a popular Halloween depiction. In Central Africa they travel in saucer-shaped baskets. They often employ animals as assistants in their evil deeds. The witch of Oz had flying monkeys. In Europe they use cats, dogs, or weasels; in Japan, hyenas or owls; in Africa, baboons. Some witches even turn into animal forms. Witches are believed to use supernatural powers, in the form of magic, for evil purposes. Witches are usually regarded as possessed of evil spirits or under the guidance of some undetermined compulsion. . Many have believed in... Free Essays on Witchcraft I am a witch, now please kill me! Many innocent women happily welcomed death by confessing to witchcraft in order to end their excruciating torture during the witch hunt craze between 1450 and 1750. Since many records were lost, destroyed or never kept, the best estimation of the total deaths is several million (4). The main cause of the witch hunts was the Church inflicting fear upon the common and educated man by lying to them about what witches do and who they are. The Church also directly and indirectly increased the pain that accused women would go through during their torture. The Church made it clear, to all those who would listen, that all women were evil and capable of witchcraft. â€Å"The Bible’s Apocrypha states, ‘Of woman came the beginning of sin / And thanks to her, we all must die.’(Apocrypha, Ecclesiasticus 25:13-26.)† (2). Vicious comments like this caused even women themselves to fear what other women may do. This fear only lead to the di strust of woman. A book written by two German men, titled Malleus Maleficarum, â€Å"The Hammer of Witches†, only furthered peoples fear of women’s evil. It states that women are more likely to become witches: â€Å"‘Because the female sex is more concerned with things of the flesh then men; because being formed from a man’s rib, they are only ‘imperfect animals’ and ‘crooked’ where as man belongs to a privileged sex from whose midst Christ emerged.’(Malleus Maleficarum, 1486)†(2). The men that wrote Malleus Maleficarum refer to the bible for reasons to why they consider women evil, so if the Church had never incorporated such things into the bible such things may have never been thought. Many ancient myths portrayed goddess’s as evil. Consequently those images of evil were kept and later attached to witches who kept goddess worship alive centuries later (4). Even devotion to the Virgin Mary (who is the biolog ical mother of Jesus) was considered an indication of e...

A Summary Of Utilitarianism Philosophy Essay

A Summary Of Utilitarianism Philosophy Essay Utilitarianism, also known as the â€Å"English common sense philosophy† dominated the Western world during most of the nineteenth century. Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the seed of right and wrong solely on the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies, hence also sometimes referred to as â€Å"the Consequentialism†. The history of this theory dates back to its true pioneer Jeremy Bentham ( 1748-1832) who gave rise to a new concept in hedonism: The Social Hedonism which was quite different from the Hedonistic doctrines of Aristipppus and Epicurus who are considered to be the fathers of Hedonistic school of thought. Bentham ; the common-sense British thinker is largely held responsible for the shift from † egoistic (individualistic) hedonism to the Universalistic( social ) hedonism. He declared in his book † Introduction to the Principles and morals and Legislation† that all mankind is ruled by two basic masters; namely PAIN and PLEASURE and that all human race is busy in the so-called rat-race of the pursuit of pleasure and the disapproval of pain.He also asserts that good can be equated with pleasure and evil with pain. Here comes in the big question that† How should pleasures be graded as far as preference is concerned?† Whether one should go for ‘short-term and intense’ pleasures or ‘ long-term and mild pleasure’ take precedence over the former. He therefore came up with a detailed outline of principles regarding the preferences of pleasures in his â€Å"Hedonic Calculus†. According to Bentham’s calculus, he emphasized the significance of seven â€Å"circumstances† in order to determine the value of any action, hence presented a criteria for the preference of pleasures influenced by following major factors: Intensity: of the pleasure or pain that results Duration: of either of the two Certainity: The confirmation that pleasant event will be occurring. Promptness : The nearness of the pleasant event. Fecundity: Its ability to reproduce( lead to) more pleasure. Purity: freedom from either present or future. Extent: characterized by the number of people affected by the action John Stuart Mill(1806-1873) adjusted the more hedonistic tendencies in Bentham’s philosophy by emphasizing that it is not infact the quantity of pleasure, but the quality of happiness that is central to utilitarianism. He further argued that pleasure couldn’t be quantified as stated by Bentham and can only be measured in terms of quality only. Mill advocates his rationality of ideas in the following famous words: â€Å"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better Socrates disstatisfied than a fool satisfied† The implification of this advancement by Mill lead to a belief that the calculus is unreasonable — (there is a distinction between ‘higherâ⠂¬â„¢ and ‘lower’ pleasures). According to Mill, utilitarianism now refers to â€Å"the Greatest Happiness Principle† – GHP. it seeks to promote the capability of achieving happiness (higher pleasures) for the maximum number of people. The Maxim holds as such: † Greatest happiness for the greater number† Act and Rule Utilitarianism The principle of utility can either either be applied to PARTICULAR ACTIONS or GENERAL RULES. The former is called â€Å"act-utilitarianism† and the latter is called â€Å"rule-utilitarianism.†

The Gendered Landscape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Gendered Landscape - Essay Example He is also believed to be frequently watching over us, the sand in his hourglass slowly decreasing as it slips through the hand of time. No wonder the saying â€Å"time wasted will not be recovered†. Him being elderly and having white beard symbolizes flow of time and its effect. His scythe show that time cuts down all things; it is a symbol of harvest, death or end of existence. For example, the end of the year (Petre, 2005). The green man is normally related to natural vegetative divine beings and is often interpreted as a figure of rebirth. Green man is a symbol of nature spirit of man dependence on and in union with nature. It may interpret to embrace negative and positive attributes of colour green as green colour may signify a young man with natural vitality and love. On the other hand, the green man can signify hostility and death. Some people say that the green man appears whenever there is a requirement to protect the environment. It is a blend that compromise between a pagan and Christian doctrine. It is seen in churches as a decorative feature and it is also a pagan spirit associates with nature (Anderson & Hicks, 1998). The Cyborg is a machine that characterizes the human being. Science fiction has included the Cyborg into human culture. The Cyborg is as a result of merging of technology and human form. It is evident that those archetypes of green man and the Cyborg signify the wish for human transformation. In my view, there is a need to embrace the Cyborg because technology will soon outshine normal human capability. Gender fits perfectly into this discussion in that the facets of green man and the Cyborg clearly are male and female respectively. This is because green man poses the characters of strength and love while the Cyborg poses the nature of nurturing. Piccinini is an artist who gets her inspiration from real life genetically modified organisms and